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Further Reading: Reproduction

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Plant Sexuality ... Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive units of angiosperms, are the most varied physically and show the greatest diversity in methods of reproduction of all biological systems... Plants that are not flowering plants (green alga, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns and gymnosperms such as conifers) also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction... The complexity of the systems and devices used by plants to achieve sexual reproduction has resulted in botanists and evolutionary biologists using numerous terms to describe physical structures and functional strategies...

Budding ... Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism...

Apomixis ... In flowering plants, the term "apomixis" is commonly used in a restricted sense to mean agamospermy, i.e. asexual reproduction through seeds...

Reproduction ... Sexual reproduction typically requires the involvement of two individuals or gametes, one each from opposite type of sex... Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is the process by which an organism creates a genetically similar or identical copy of itself without a contribution of genetic material from another individual... Other ways of asexual reproduction include parthenogenesis, fragmentation and spore formation that involves only mitosis...

Art History ... As a term, art history (also history of art) encompasses several methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture. Aspects of the discipline overlap...

Fragmentation (reproduction) ... If the splitting occurs without the prior preparation of the organism, both fragments must be able to regenerate the complete organism for it to function as reproduction... Fragmentation is as a method of reproduction is seen in many organisms such as filamentous cyanobacteria, molds, lichens, many plants, and animals like sponges, acoel flatworms, some annelid worms, and sea stars...

Allogamy ... By contrast, autogamy is the term used for self-fertilization. In humans, the fertilization event is an instance of allogamy...

Sexual Reproduction ... Sexual reproduction is the primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of macroscopic organisms, including almost all animals and plants... Evolutionary thought proposes several explanations for why sexual reproduction developed out of former asexual reproduction... Also, sexual reproduction allows for the "ratcheting" of evolutionary speed as one clade competes with another for a limited resource...

Vegetative Reproduction ... Although most plants normally reproduce sexually, many have the ability for vegetative propagation, or can be vegetatively propagated if small pieces are subjected to chemical (hormonal) treatments. This is because meristematic cells capable of cellular differentiation are present in many plant tissues...

Plant Reproduction ... Natural vegetative reproduction is mostly a process found in herbaceous and woody perennial plants, and typically involves structural modifications of the stem or roots and in a few species leaves... Most plant species that employ vegetative reproduction do so as a means to perennialize the plants, allowing them to survive from one season to the next and often facilitating their expansion in size... A plant that persists in a location through vegetative reproduction of individuals constitutes a clonal colony, a single ramet, or apparent individual, of a clonal colony is genetically identical to all others in the same colony...

Sporogenesis ... Examples are the conidial fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium, for which mitospore formation appears to be the primary mode of reproduction...

Parthenogenesis ... The term is sometimes used inaccurately to describe reproduction modes in hermaphroditic species that can reproduce by themselves because they contain reproductive organs of both sexes in a single individual's body...

Fission (biology) ... Binary fission of prokaryotes Prokaryotic fission, which is binary fission, is a form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes, (bacteria and archaebacteria), and some organelles within eukaryotic organisms... This process results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell (or organelle) by division into two parts that each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell (or organelle)...

Semelparity And Iteroparity ... In truly semelparous species, death after reproduction is part of an overall strategy that includes putting all available resources into maximizing reproduction, at the expense of future life (see "Trade-offs", below)...

Postmodern Art ... There are several characteristics which define the term 'postmodern' in art; these include bricolage, the use of words prominently as the central artistic element, collage, simplification, appropriation, performance art, the recycling of past styles and themes in a modern-day context, as well as the break-up of the barrier between fine and high arts and low art and popular culture. Use of the term The predominant term for art produced since the 1950s is "contemporary art"...

Further Reading: Art

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Minimal Music ... Starting in the early 1960s as a scruffy underground scene in San Francisco alternative spaces and New York lofts, minimalism spread to become the most popular experimental music style of the late 20th century. The movement originally involved dozens of composers, although only five (Young, Riley, Reich, Glass, and later John Adams) emerged to become publicly associated with American minimal music...

Impressionist Music ... Debussy renounced it, saying: "I am trying to do 'something different' – in a way realities – what the imbeciles call 'impressionism' is a term which is as poorly used as possible, particularly by art critics." Musical impressionism is closely related to the superior value of impressionist painting: placing the colour factor to the foreground strongly influenced the shaping of new sound effects...

Fauvism ... In 1896, Matisse, then an unknown art student, visited the artist John Peter Russell on the island of Belle Île off Brittany...

Kathakali ... He was from the Northern Kerala, but after basic instructions in various faculties of the art in Vettathu Kalari he shifted to Travancore...

Gastronomy ... Gastronomy involves discovering, tasting, experiencing, researching, understanding and writing about food preparation and the sensory qualities of human nutrition as a whole. It also studies how nutrition interfaces with the broader culture...

Bebop ... Mavericks like Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk were influenced by the preceding generation's adventurous soloists, such as pianists Art Tatum and Earl Hines, tenor saxophonists Coleman Hawkins and Lester Young and trumpeter Roy Eldridge...

Art ... Many definitions of art have been proposed by philosophers and others who have characterized art in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, or other values... During the Romantic period, art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science"... Definition Britannica Online defines art as "the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others." By this definition of the word, artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early pre-historic art to contemporary art; however, some theories restrict the concept to modern Western societies...

Sprachbund ... In contrast, a Sprachraum (from German, "language area"), also known as a dialect continuum, describes a group of genetically related dialects spoken across a geographical area, differing in their genetic relationship only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as distances increase. Examples The Balkans The idea of areal convergence is commonly attributed to Jernej Kopitar's description in 1830 of Albanian, Bulgarian and Romanian as giving the impression of "nur eine Sprachform ...

Architecture ... "Architecture" can mean: The art and science of design and erecting buildings and other physical structures...

Pre-Columbian Art ... Many Pre-Columbian cultures did not have writing systems, so visual art expressed cosmologies, world views, religion, and philosophy of these cultures, as well as serving as mnenomic devices...

Painting In The Americas Before Colonization ... The arts of the indigenous people of the Americas had an enormous impact and influence on European art and vice versa during and after the Age of Exploration... Pre-Columbian, Museum of the Nation, Lima, Peru Peruvian Calabas North America See also: History of the west coast of North America and Prehistoric Southwestern Cultural Divisions United States Main: Native American art See also: Alaska Natives In the area that is now the United States, many different and diverse Native American tribes of people created painting and ornamental painted objects of a large variety...

Jazz ... It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions. Its West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation and the swung note...

History Of Literature ... Moreover, it must be borne in mind that, given the significance of distance as a cultural isolator in earlier centuries, the historical development of literature did not occur at an even pace across the world. The problems of creating a uniform global history of literature are compounded by the fact that many texts have been lost over the millennia, either deliberately, by accident, or by the total disappearance of the originating culture...

History Of Architecture ... The neolithic people in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were great builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatalhöyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals...

Indian Classical Dance ... "Shastriya") was introduced by Sangeet Natak Akademi to denote the Natya Shastra-based performing art styles... Other art dances yet to be conferred as classical dances, whose theories and techniques can also be traced back to the Natya Shastra are: Andhra Natyam - Telugu art dance Vilasini Nrityam/Natyam - Telugu art dance Kerala Natanam - Kerala classical dance Out of the nine recognized dance forms, the only two temple dance styles that have their origin in Natya Shastra and are prescribed by the Agamas are Bharata Natyam and Odissi...

Futurism ... They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised originality, "however daring, however violent", bore proudly "the smear of madness", dismissed art critics as useless, rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and gloried in science...

Classical Ballet ... History of Ballet Development as an art form Technique Ballet, especially classical ballet, puts great emphasis on the method and execution of movement...

Tablature ... Tablature is common for fretted stringed instruments such as the lute, vihuela, or guitar, as well as many free reed aerophones such as the harmonica. Tablature was common during the Renaissance and Baroque eras, and is commonly used in notating rock, pop, folk, ragtime, bluegrass, and blues music...

1980s In Jazz ... I challenge the prevalent marginalization and malignment of smooth jazz in the standard jazz narrative. Furthermore, I question the assumption that smooth jazz is an unfortunate and unwelcomed evolutionary outcome of the jazz-fusion era...

Modern Architecture ... The concept of modernism would be a central theme in these efforts. Gaining popularity after the Second World War, architectural modernism was adopted by many influential architects and architectural educators, and continues as a dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings into the 21st century...

Indian Painting ... Sadanga of Indian painting Around 1st century BC the Sadanga or Six Limbs of Indian Painting, were evolved, a series of canons laying down the main principles of the art... (Tagore.) The subsequent development of painting by the Buddhists indicates that these ' Six Limbs ' were put into practice by Indian artists, and are the basic principles on which their art was founded...

Prehistoric Art ... From the Upper Palaeolithic through the Mesolithic, cave paintings and portable art such as figurines and beads predominated, with decorative figured workings also seen on some utilitarian objects... The advent of metalworking in the Bronze Age brought additional media available for use in making art, an increase in stylistic diversity, and the creation of objects that did not have any obvious function other than art... Palaeolithic era Middle Paleolithic The earliest undisputed art originated with the Aurignacian archaeological culture in the Upper Paleolithic...